Promoting Health Internationally Essay Example for Free

Advancing Health Internationally Essay Creating nations are plagued with wellbeing emergencies to a more prominent degree than their progressively evolved partners. The absence of assets and the nearness of various requesting needs causes the deficient portion of such assets for the tending to of medical problems. In different nations, there is basically no innovation to deliver the essential remedies for the greater infections assailing their populaces. While in increasingly created nations with more noteworthy storage facility of assets there is a more prominent ability to address medical issues, especially with a progressively evolved mechanical stage to work from. This, yet creating nations have a checked decrease in tending to sanitation concerns along these lines making for situations progressively inclined to infections brought about by microscopic organisms, worms, and viruses.1 With increasingly clean everyday environments, this isn't the watched case in creating nations. Along these lines, a mix of non-clean conditions and low access to social insurance makes airs for creating countries making them progressively inclined to encountering extreme medical issues. The first concern with respect to medical issues in quite a while is the chance of an illness to create which is effectively transmittable from individual to individual. The dread of irresistible infections, especially the dread of such sicknesses causing a pandemic, has had noteworthy effect on the way in which the worldwide network tends to worldwide medical issues. Universal organizations have concocted observation frameworks to empower part nations to report episodes of irresistible sicknesses and to all the more likely prepare non-influenced countries against contamination.2 The component of report requires part countries to characterize the nature and degree of disease of the ailment. This isn't especially alluring to tainted countries as the revealing of illnesses would antagonistically influence the economy of the said nation. With a dread of contamination, remote financial specialists would bring down their paces of importation. This would serve to bring down the monetary development of the said nation. This, yet visitors would be frightful of visiting said outside nation and pay from such speculations would likewise decay. The disgrace against the influenced nation would mean a decrease in the status of their economy.  â â â â â â â â â â It is in such manner that medical problems of individual countries influence the worldwide view on wellbeing. The smallest change in the capacity of individual nations to give fundamental assets or to add to the worldwide economy would influence every single other nation because of worldwide interconnectedness. 3 The reliance of countries, one to the next, can't continue the devolution of creation of merchandise in any one country. Aside from moral duties, this is the weightiest contention to a worldwide viewpoint on wellbeing advancement. The worldwide market favors the guaranteeing of wealthier countries that less princely countries will have the option to take part completely in the worldwide exchange of merchandise.  â â â â â â â â â â What isn't considered in this model are non-irresistible illnesses tormenting the creating nations around the world. There is minimal motivation for worldwide organizations to address such issues since there is no indicating that the equivalent would influence residents of outside countries. In spite of the fact that the contention for giving guide to the equivalent because of worldwide exchange contemplations despite everything remains, there is almost no activity from private medication organizations. The essential point of such organizations being benefit, they are not drawn by the noise at lower costs required in creating nations. In this manner, the pattern stays for tranquilize organizations to create medications and fixes that will answer the requirements of created nations whom they can charge more significant expenses for the items and administrations they offer. Ailments tormenting devastated countries, for example, intestinal sickness, AIDS, tuberculosis and so forth are given little consideration in spite of the fact that they may introduce more noteworthy dangers than hypertension and cardiovascular maladies. This is an awful as evolved countries should willingly volunteer to advance wellbeing in creating countries too. The global network would profit undeniably with the improvement of all segment countries. The countries in the universal network ought not just consider offering help to creating countries when the illnesses may spread into their own areas yet even so when the infections might be contained locally. The intrigue at that point ought not be for worldwide guideline of household torment yet it ought to be for universal enthusiasm for all encompassing worldwide wellbeing.  â â â â â â â â â â Although tranquilize organizations will not concentrate on noting the necessities of the significant maladies in devastated countries it is not necessarily the case that no composed activity is being embraced for the equivalent. Surely there are people and gatherings who perceive the significance of advancing wellbeing on a worldwide scale. The World Health Organization, for instance has worked together with huge pharmaceutical organizations so as to bring drugs for the fix of predominant maladies into levels of access for creating nations.4 The proposed arrangement is to diminish sedate costs for creating countries, if the free conveyance of the equivalent isn't likely, by expanding costs in rich nations. Such a plan would allow the endowment of medications by created nations. There would hence be an evenhanded division of required assets so as to obtain entrance of accessible fixes in the market. There has additionally been a watched pattern in logical research facilities. Researchers equipped for performing research examining solutions for ailments of destitution have indicated more prominent tendency for the equivalent. Financing might be an issue in the issue in any case, an ever increasing number of good cause are concentrating on the point of worldwide wellbeing and even residential governments are supporting the offer for discovering solutions for huge medical problems. This, yet developments have been made to have pharmaceutical organizations share the procedure of creation if the matter of showcasing drugs at a no-benefit cost is beyond the realm of imagination. Neighborhood governments or partnerships could then chip away at creating their own medications utilizing the procedure and data shared by outside companies. These issues are as of now being pushed by advocates around the world. Notwithstanding, the worldwide network despite everything has a lot of ground to cover. The issue of worldwide wellbeing is as yet a significant issue accepting little need in the worldwide scale. The issue of politicking and administration frustrates propels that could be made in this field. In this manner, so as to all the more suitably answer the issue, neighborhood arrangements should initially be reshaped and made to understand the significance of wellbeing in the legislative stage. Moreover, neighborhood governments ought not confine themselves to tending to just their own different needs. Garrett appropriately catches the issue: Strategically, all parts of anticipation and treatment ought to be a piece of an incorporated exertion, drawing from countries’ limited pools of wellbeing ability to handle all beasts without a moment's delay, as opposed to dueling independently with singular monsters. 5 Given restricted assets, in the universal sense just as in the residential, the pooling of these equivalent assets is the best answer for the issue of both worldwide and neighborhood wellbeing. The vision of individual countries ought to be improved to address their own issues as well as they should begin to understand the pertinence in putting resources into a worldwide point of view in noting medical problems. Unquestionably, with a perspective on the equivalent, advances will be made not just for transient objectives of battling off particular ailments in specific countries however more so the drawn out objective of destroying weakening ailments that might return in comparable conditions or in developed structures. The appropriate response at that point is to get ready universally for the issue of worldwide wellbeing as the fortifying of individual stages in singular countries will address the root issue of repeating conditions. This will serve not exclusively to reinforce the worldwide wellbeing framework yet considerably different segments of concern, for example, exchange and worldwide relations as an ever increasing number of nations put resources into programs reflecting harmony and tip. BIBILIOGRAPHY Check, Erika,â€Å"Quest for the Cure,† Foreign Policy, (2006): 28-36. Garrett, Laurie, â€Å"The Challenge of Global Health,† Foreign Affairs 86(1), (2007): 14-38. Naim, Moises and Brundtland, Gro Harlem, â€Å"The FP Interview: The Global War for Public Health,† Foreign Policy 128, (2002): 24-36. Osterholm, Michael T., â€Å"Unprepared for a Pandemic,† Foreign Affairs 86(2), (2007): 47-57. Zacher, Mark W., â€Å"Global Epidemiological Surveillance,† in Inge Kaw, Isabelle Grunberg, and Marc A. Harsh, â€Å"Global Public Goods: International Cooperation in the 21st Century (eds.),† (1999), NY: UNAP.

Self Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Self Reflection - Essay Example This paper means to evaluate how I act and impact the gathering, with explicit models from my vocation or school life. Also, I will give a future vision of move that I would make so as to improve my conduct. To make my self-evaluation increasingly sensible, I might want to portray a portion of my attributes first. To begin, I am constantly persuaded to learn more so as to increase new information. Subsequently, I think about my activity and my investigations as a brilliant wellspring of information. Time and vitality are the two fundamental factors that assist me with doing things right. At the point when I work, I attempt to work wisely by concentrating my vitality on the job needing to be done to accomplish my objectives at the most brief time conceivable. I keep up the way of thinking that genuine information isn't the new data yet the data that will contribute in improving my conduct, and that continuous is the time spent to accomplish my objectives. I am the sort who likes to invest more energy in arranging and examining an undertaking than accomplishing the real work. For example, when my manager gave me a task due following five days , I went through the initial three days arrangi ng and dissecting the whole task while the time required to execute the arrangement was just a couple of days. The mystery behind this is my conviction that there is constantly a superior method of getting things done. Having this conviction and the drive to learn more drove me to keep up a decent remaining in my activity. Centering in objectives is something I am glad in my vocation. Thus, I generally calendar and note the accomplishment. Indeed, I care more about it than the work itself! My supervisor was considering how I can furnish him with ventures progress the second he gets some information about it precisely. For that I’ve had the right to overhaul from the outset opportunity. In any case, I despite everything need to change a portion of my unfortunate propensities like tenacity and being incredulous of others. Regardless of whether I am sure with my thoughts and my

Why Some People Are More Prone to Depression

Why Some People Are More Prone to Depression Depression Causes Print Why Some People Are More Prone to Depression Than Others By Nancy Schimelpfening Nancy Schimelpfening, MS is the administrator for the non-profit depression support group Depression Sanctuary. Nancy has a lifetime of experience with depression, experiencing firsthand how devastating this illness can be. Learn about our editorial policy Nancy Schimelpfening Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on November 14, 2019 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 04, 2020 Depression Overview Types Symptoms Causes & Risk Factors Diagnosis Treatment Coping ADA & Your Rights Depression in Kids Josef Lindau / Getty Images In This Article Table of Contents Expand Causes of Depression Biological Factors Environment Factors Social Factors Lifestyle Factors View All Why do some people experience depression while others dontâ€"even when under the same circumstances? Figuring out what makes someone more prone to clinical depression continues to be one of the most pressing questions for researchers and mental health professionals. Although researchers don’t have an exact answer as to why some people are more prone to depression than others, theres likely more than one causative factor. Research has implicated everything from physical and chemical differences in the brain to social and environmental risk factors.?? The complexity of depression is what makes it a challenging condition to diagnose and treat. Understanding what could make a person more likely to experience depression is the first step in developing prevention and treatment strategies tailored to reduce individual vulnerability to the condition.??   Developing a more complete understanding of the various mechanisms that drive depression could also help researchers get better at predicting who will get depressed as well as predicting how the condition will present over time. ?? With this information, mental health professionals would be better prepared to predict how a person might respond to antidepressants or other forms of therapeutic treatment.   What Causes Depression?   According to the World Health Organization, over 300 million people worldwide live with depression. While the experience of depression is shared by many, the contributing factors will be different for each person with the condition.   There are some factors, like genetics, that you don’t have control over. However, there are others, such as your diet, that can be modified. While making a change wont necessarily prevent depression, it may help reduce your risk.   Whether you can change them or not, its helpful to be aware of factors that could make you more likely to develop depression in your lifetime. Just remember that researchers are still figuring out the role each factor plays. Having oneâ€"or even severalâ€"of the factors thought to contribute to depression doesn’t mean you will definitely become depressed.   Depression is common in people of all ages, races, gender identities, and socioeconomic status. According to the 2017 report from the National Institute of Mental Health, depression affects approximately 17.3 million people in the United States. And in 2018, the CDC reported that approximately 1.9 million children (ages 3â€"17) in the U.S. have been diagnosed with depression. Depression Statistics Everyone Should Know Biological Factors Some risk factors for depression are rooted in your biology. Brain Chemistry   Researchers dont agree on precisely how brain chemicals relate to depression, but the connection has been discussed for many decades. Some established theories suggest that low certain levels of neurotransmitters (which the brain cells use to send signals to each other) could cause depression. Other researchers have proposed that being depressed causes low levels, rather than it being the other way around. The relationship may even go both ways.   What is known is that some people with depression feel better when they take medications that work on these neurotransmitters. However, researchers aren’t convinced this is enough to prove specific relationships between brain chemistry and depression, in large part because some people with depression don’t feel better when they take antidepressants.   The Chemistry of Depression Genetics Researchers know that people who have family members who are depressed are more likely to become depressed themselves. But having a family history of depression doesn’t mean you will experience depression in your lifetime.?? There are still other factors that have to line up in order for a genetic predisposition to result in depression. That said, large genome-wide study published in The American Journal of Psychiatry in 2019 found that people with a genetic predisposition for major depression have an increased risk for suicide attempts across psychiatric disorders. Chronic Pain and Illness Depression is common in people living with chronic illnesses such as multiple sclerosis, type 2 diabetes, and migraines. Research has shown that chronic pain conditions may cause biochemical changes that lead to symptoms of depression.?? A person with chronic pain and illness may become depressed due to their situation, especially when they are facing a loss of quality of life, a reduced level of day-to-day functioning, prolonged pain, and/or death.?? It’s also been shown that people who are diagnosed with one mental illness are more likely to develop another.?? Conditions such as anxiety and depression commonly co-occur. While different mental health conditions may be diagnosed at the same time and can influence one another, they may need to be treated in different ways.   Hormones Certain hormonal shifts can increase your risk of depression as well. For example, the hormonal changes associated with the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, giving birth, and menopause can all contribute to depression.   The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that around 1 in 9 women in the U.S. report experiencing postpartum depression. And according to a 2010 study, approximately 4% of fathers report depression in the first year after a child is born.   It’s also not unusual for people with thyroid conditions to experience depression.?? While symptoms tend to be more common in people with a low-functioning thyroid (hypothyroidism), people with an overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism) can also experience anxiety and depression. Environment Factors Environmental factors also appear to play a role in the development of depression in some people. Early Trauma and Abuse One of the more well-studied depression risk factors is trauma in early childhood. Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) are known to increase a person’s lifetime risk of developing both mental and chronic physical illness, including depression.?? Research into ACEs is ongoing, but previous studies have confirmed a strong link between specific childhood experiences and depression later in life.   The CDC groups ACEs into three types: Abuse (physical, emotional, sexual)Neglect (physical, emotional)Household Dysfunction (domestic violence, divorce, substance use, a parent who is mentally ill, a parent who is incarcerated) An individual’s ACE score is strongly linked to their risk of mental and physical illness, poverty, and even early death.  Risk increases as the number of ACEs increases and a person with four or more ACEs is at the highest risk. Researchers believe that child abuse may change the brain physically, as well as alter its connectivity structure.?? Studies have also shown that neuroendocrine function may be altered in people who experienced high levels of stress as children.?? A 2019 study from the Massachusetts General Hospital has even proposed that traumatic experiences in the first three years of life may even change a childs DNA. How Child Abuse Changes the Brain Poverty According to a 2015 survey from the American Psychological Association, 64% of American adults said money was a significant source of stress in their lives.  People living in poverty were twice as likely to have depression compared to those living at or above the poverty level.?? Not only does living in poverty place a person at higher risk for depression but if they are unable to work or do not have access to support and social services, mental illness can make it harder for someone to break out of a cycle of socioeconomic disadvantage.?? Several studies and pilot programs have shown that when people with mental illness were given financial assistance, symptoms of depression and anxiety improved.?? Environmental Exposures Where a person lives can also have an impact on mental health in a number of ways. For example, some people report they become depressed during certain months of the year, sometimes called seasonal affective disorder (SAD). There are also studies that cite pollution and other environmental exposures as potential contributing factors to depression.?? For example, some research has linked lead exposure in childhood to poor mental health later in life. In another study, children who grew up in areas with poor air quality appeared to be more likely to be depressed or be diagnosed with conduct disorder by the time they turned 18. Your environment can also be an asset to your mental health. Research has shown that spending time in nature can help people cope with depression, and a 2019 study found kids who spent time in nature had better mental health as adults. Social Factors In addition to biological and environmental factors, social factors such as a persons personality, experiences of stress and conflict, and even social media can also influence depression risk. Personality Certain personality traits, including low self-esteem, pessimism, neuroticism, and being self-critical or a perfectionist have been associated with a greater tendency toward depression and other mental health conditions, such as anxiety and eating disorders.?? Researchers are especially interested in learning more about a personality trait that may make someone less likely to experience depression. Resilience, or the qualities or traits that make some people more likely to “bounce back” from adverse experiences, may also be key to preventing and treating depression.?? Personality Traits and Depression Stress and Conflict Major life eventsâ€"including traditionally positive events like getting married or negative events like losing a jobâ€"can all create stress. When we are stressed, our cortisol levels rise. One theory is that high levels of cortisol (especially when they are chronically elevated) could affect serotonin levels.?? Work-related stress, in particular, can be a driver of depression. Losing a job is an obvious stressor, but the work environment can also contribute to stressâ€"especially if it doesnt feel supportive. According to APA-sponsored polls from 2017, 2018, and 2019, only half of U.S.  workers report feeling that they can discuss mental health openly at work.   Conflict at work or school can also make it more likely a person will become depressed. A 2010 study in Japan linked interpersonal conflict at work to depression (particularly among male employees with a higher socioeconomic status). The year before, researchers in Sweden had published a study showing that having serious conflicts with coworkers or bosses, and/or feeling excluded or left out at work, contributed to depression in employees. The Main Causes of Stress It’s not just adults who experience conflict away from home: Kids and teens can encounter interpersonal challenges at school that have the potential to affect their short and long term mental and physical health.   A 2017 report from the National Center for Education Statistics found that 20% of students between the ages of 12â€"18 said they had been bullied at school in the previous year. According to the CDC, kids who are bullied are more likely to experience mental health problems, including anxiety and depression. They’re also more likely to have physical ailments, particularly headaches and stomachaches.   Going through conflicts with friends and/or family may also increase the chances that a person who is prone to depression will develop the condition.?? Grief Grieving is a process that can look and feel like depression, except that it usually follows a particular timeframe beginning with an event (such as the death of a loved one) and gradually moving toward resolution or a stage of acceptance.?? Researchers are learning, though, that bereavement can take on the qualities of a condition similar to clinical depression, particularly in terms of how long it persists (years as opposed to months).?? Complicated grief, as it is often termed, appears to be more likely when someone loses a loved one in a sudden, unexpected, and especially violent way (such as a car accident).?? Additional studies are needed to formally define complicated grief as a distinct condition, but it appears to have a relationship to depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).?? The stress caused by a death, major loss, or another life stressor can be enough to trigger an episode of depression in someone who already possesses the tendency towards this condition. The Difference Between Grief and Depression Social Media While the research is still fairly new and ongoing, many studies have investigated the effect of social media on mental health, especially in young people.??   Several studies have indicated that social media use can trigger depressive symptoms and anxiety through insecurity, comparison,?? “fear of missing out,”?? and bullying/harassment (which, whether experienced in-person or online, raises a child’s lifetime risk for depression).?? Overuse of social media may also contribute to depression by reducing a person’s level of physical activity and real-life interaction. A sedentary lifestyle and being socially isolated are two factors that can contribute to poor mental health independent of social media habits.??   The research hasn’t been all bad, though. Technology, the internet, and social media may also prove useful for helping to detect and manage depression.?? The Best Online Resources for Depression Lifestyle Factors Last, but not least, lifestyle factors from the medications you take to your diet can have an effect on your risk of experiencing depression. Prescription Medications Certain medications are known to have the potential to increase a person’s risk of depression, including: Statins??Accutane??Beta-blockers??Corticosteroids??Interferon-alpha?? Medications used to treat mental illness and sleep disorders can also worsen or cause depression in some people.?? People under the age of 25 are at some increased risk for increased suicidality after starting certain antidepressants. Therefore, the FDA has given these medications a black box warning.   Drugs That Can Cause Depression Substance Use It’s not uncommon for people with mental illness to self-medicate with drugs and alcohol. However, it’s also important to note that not unlike certain prescription medications, illicit drugs can also make a person feel depressed.   According to data from the  National Alliance on Mental Health’s Drug and Health Survey, 7.9 million people in the U.S. were living with both depression and a substance use disorder in 2014.   When substance use and depression occur at the same time (sometimes called “dual diagnosis) it can be difficult to find the right treatment.?? People often require a diverse team of doctors and mental health professionals with experience in substance use disorders for support. If a person needs to withdraw from a substance, its sometimes safest for them to do so under medical care.  Treatment at a mental health facility can also help a person address both substance use disorders and symptoms of depression that may accompany them.   How Substance Use Can Lead to Mood Disorders Diet and Physical Activity Recent studies have indicated that adults with mild depression may be able to prevent an episode of major depression through a combination of lifestyle changes. Gut microbes and diet may also play a role in the development of depression.?? Some research has also shown that certain diets, such as the Mediterranean diet, might help older adults avoid depression.?? On the other hand, diets that are high in sugar and trans fat, especially heavily processed food, can promote or worsen depression, especially when paired with a sedentary lifestyle.?? A possible reason for the link is that diets high in these foods can lead to weight gain. In fact, a 2018 study  found that people were more likely to become depressed if they were overweightâ€"even if the extra weight wasn’t causing other health problems such as high blood pressure or type 2 diabetes. The benefits of exercise for our health are well known, but we are learning more about how exercising can help people with depression manage their symptoms.?? Several recent studies confirmed previous research indicating that regular exercise and a healthy diet doesn’t just help people manage depression, but can help prevent it.?? How Physical Activity Affects Mental Health A Word From Verywell Each person’s experience of living with depression will vary, as will the individual factors that contribute to the development and course of the condition. Mental illness is common and treatable, but it can take time to find the safest and most effective treatment. Working with doctors and mental health professionals, developing coping strategies at work and school, and having support from family and friends are of vital importance to every person living with depression, as well as those with risk factors for developing the condition in their lifetime. The 7 Best Online Resources for Depression

Transition From Empire to Modern State System in the...

Introduction: Middle East considers one of the most studied areas in the world due to its rich history of politics, social, economic, and its culture and civilization. Its borders are still arguable geographically, generally in the west it starts from morocco until Iran in the east, however, many scholars don’t agree on including Turkey either as a Middle Eastern or as a European country (Milton-Edwards, 2006. P: 4). The origin of the name was invented by the colonies as a necessity to describe the place geographically, which was the era of bringing â€Å"Middle East† the language of academic writings and political scientists. Changes, innovations, and new ideologies create gaps between the transformations of any perspectives to a different†¦show more content†¦Ottoman Empire was an Islamic empire, which ruled Middle East and some other parts of the world for almost 400 years. On one hand Ottoman Empire became an ally with Germany in the First World War and on the other hand some of the Arab leaders held a revolt against the empire, which were the main reasons of its collapse. While Arab leaders were dreaming of an Arab unification, European powers were seeking their interest and try to secure the territories they took over in the war period. Versailles conference was held between Arab and the European leaders to define borders and create new states. Due to weakness of Arab leaders and their lack of experience most of the decisions were made in favor of the Europeans expectations of the state. And as a result Jordan, Iraq, Syria and Lebanon were emerged (Pappe, 2005) and (Fawcett, 2005). European Empires British and French were main actors in that period which came after the collapse of ottoman power and state formation. After the industrial revolution and Enlightment, there was a new need for raw materials that counts as the main reason of the European mandate over Middle East(Fawcett, 2005).At that period the states were existed, but not every element of a modern state, because they were under other powers and there were only conflicts, resistance of self-determination, andShow MoreRelatedPolitical Influence : Milton Friedman And The Chicago School Of Thought Essay1580 Words   |  7 Pagesintersecting of international global markets like the Middle East or Central America. Fighting political economies waiting for the perfect storm extreme measures such as Patriot Act and NAFTA shipping hundreds of American jobs to third world sweat shops. In the work of Hardt and Negri’s writing, Empire the notion of empire destruction can sometime means the replacement of a more extreme political climate after a political role has been removed from a country. Through Hardt and Negri perspective, thisRead MorePolitical Influence : Milton Friedman And The Chicago School Of Thought Essay1710 Words   |  7 PagesMilton Friedman’s notion of Shocking economies after reviewing an experiment Stanley Milgram working on with obedience and power control from authority. Such shocks like international threats of war, to natural disasters seen with hurricane Katrina, to the 2008 stock market crash, policies influenced by neoliberal interests tend to be approved faster in a state of Shock. 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Symptoms And Symptoms Of Anxiety Disorders - 2072 Words

Anxiety disorders are associated with significant distress, reduced quality of life as well as mental internal complications with ones self. Most people know what its like to have had that anxious feeling of butterflies, first day jitters or even the feeling of fear. However having an anxiety disorder doesn t necessarily compare to those â€Å"butterflies†. Anxiety disorders are serious mental illnesses that can keep one from coping, and disrupt the lives of people living with a constant fear worry and doubt. Anxiety is the most common in mental/emotional disorders. When untreated, anxiety can push people into avoiding simple day to day interactions and encounters, that can possibly trigger and worsen their anxiety. The severity of anxiety†¦show more content†¦Often times about one-third of people with PD, allow the disorder to restrict and control their lives that later turns into the condition called agoraphobia. Although, early treatment of a panic disorder can often stop the progression to agoraphobia. PD is characterized by the unexpected occurrence of panic attacks which is the frequency of variations of Palpitations, pounding heart, or accelerated heart rate, sweating, trembling or shaking, derealization or depersonalization (feeling detached from oneself), Chest pain or discomfort, feeling dizzy, unsteady, lightheaded, or faint, Fear of losing control, dying or losing ones mental state. However panic attacks have not always been recognized as an exclusive psychiatric mental condition. When a panic attack is in occurrence, patients have the urge to escape and have a sense of impending misery (as though they are losing their mind, dying from a heart attack or suffocation). Other panic disorder symptoms may include headache, cold hands, diarrhea, insomnia, fatigue, intrusive thoughts, and rumination. A panic disorder can significantly hinder a patience lifestyle. People with PD face possible difficulty in employment, depression and ar e not able to handle independence. Which may mean needing to be chaperoned when facing large crowds, including doing simple things like public transportation.{The American Psychiatric Association (1994)}

Business Simulation Game Free Essays

Introduction This report details the strategies that I employed in my five-year tenure as a Business Development Manager at Eco-Resource Biotech, an organic waste management company dealing in the remediation of organic agricultural and animal wastes from industrial farms and their repurposing into saleable commodities such as soil enhancers and fertilizer alternatives. Established in 2003, Eco-Resource Biotech is an alternative fertilizer and soil amendment business that devotes itself to the provision of specialized waste management services as a solution for the achievement of environmental sustainability. The primary objective is the biological remediation of agricultural and animal (organic) waste into soil and crop enhancing products for reuse in agriculture and farm use. We will write a custom essay sample on Business Simulation Game or any similar topic only for you Order Now Strategic shift In 2007, Eco-Resource was by all means quite a successful company, as evidenced by data presented in appendices A and B, making annual sales of over a billion Pounds and a gross profit of 800 million Pounds. This it achieved through unique, innovative and cost-effective solutions meeting current global need for sustainability in agriculture and waste management. Also contributory to this success was its hugely successful marketing campaigns targeting key consumers and lobby groups. The initial strategic direction chosen by management was a mixed strategy which had a greater bias towards cost and intended to transition towards differentiation. It sought to employ the most cost effective methods of production so as to enable competitive pricing in order to compete with the small farm-based fertilizer and the organic compost manufacturers. This was necessary at start-up as this was the only available market for fertilizers and soil enhancers with widespread consumer awareness. To create a foothold, the company needed to first eke itself recognition from which it would then be able to follow through with a differentiation strategy. Generic strategy Despite evident success, there was a huge potential for more growth and development in the provision of on-farm waste management services and in the revamping of differentiation strategies clearly putting the company in its own niche aside from the organic fertilizer market in which it initially competed. For this to be achieved, management developed a mixed strategy to guide the next growth phase, seeking to enhance the successful cost strategy, as well as initiating a differentiation strategy which included diversification of operations to include hitherto untapped areas. Industry overview In aggregate, the specialized organic compost businesses globally generate more than 100 billion Pounds a year and provide employment for hundreds of thousands (U.S. Government Bureau of Statistics: Fertilizer Manufacturing). The industry’s growth rate which is on average more than 7% per annum is enhanced by the commutations of the internet and the development of international commerce that have allowed operations on a global scale (U.S. Government Bureau of Statistics: Chemical Consulting). These have enabled connection with far flung businesses and farmers leading to the skyrocketing of demand for fertilizers and soil enhancing products. Direct competition in the agricultural waste recycling and reuse, and especially the biological remediation and soil amendment sectors is, however, minimal and far dispersed globally. In its early years, the company faced competition from the organic compost-based manufacturers and the smaller farm-based fertilizer, despite their products being substantially different from Eco-Resource Biotech’s offerings. For this reason, the company’s choice of a vibrant differentiation strategy had its basis on creating a niche market specific for its particular line of products. Consumers needed to be made aware of the distinct and substantial differences of Eco-Resource’s product offerings with those of the compost and farm-based fertilizer sector. There are only 123 suppliers of specialized organic fertilizers in the UK with the industry generating gross earnings of approximately 15.8 billion Pounds a year (U.S. Government Bureau of Statistics: Chemical Manufacturing). There has, however, been a resurgence of popularity though the entry of new players has seen slow growth barred by issues and difficulties in dealing with animal and biological wastes (Kimbrell, 2002). Critical risks and issues Feed for livestock and humans have to be produced in adequate amounts regardless of economic conditions. This creates a foundation on which the company derives its sustenance, immunity to economic challenges. Economic insulation is thus considered a major strength. Despite this insulation, uncertainties and risks such as the economic recession and spikes in international oil prices cannot be avoided. The company endeavours to forge on forward as the potential for growth in the international fertilizer and soil amendment market is immense. It’s safe, low-cost alternatives is its greatest strength, appealing to current need and providing high margin recurrent streams of revenue. Very high operating costs from the collection and transport of organic wastes, and the high pay demanded by specialized personnel, is the company’s major weakness. The company forges on as, despite the costs, opportunities can still be profitably exploited. Another weakness obtains from the widespread availability of bioremediation technologies with the only barrier to entry being high capitalization. The company through its strategic direction seeks to exploit its differentiation strategy and other unique and novel channels to beat its competition and sustain its growth. Opportunities available for Eco-Resource’s venture include the enhancement of distribution and expansion into the international market, supplying commercial farms across the globe and tapping into multiple income streams. The shift in demand from traditional inorganic fertilizers to organically-based fertilizers and soil enhancers due to concerns over climate change is considered to be a significant opportunity, enhancing confidence and the assurance of success. With no effective barrier to entry, there is a threat in the possible entry of competitors impacting the company’s cost driver prices and causing significant changes in profit margins. There is the potential for infringement of operating systems by major competitors since the company’s business strategies lack patent protection. Another threat is the venture’s reliance and subjectivity to the implementation of new technologies which have not yet reached maturation. Company overview With the adoption of the strategy proposals, the company has seen immense success and growth as evidenced in the increase in profitability to 5.6 billion pounds as at 2011 (see Appendix C), as well as in shareholder value and overall company size. This is enabled by growth in sales volumes and the diversification (see appendix C). The company has been able to obtain its projected market value and enhance its market share especially with the international drive and outsourced services. The company’s strength lay in its acquired market share, its offer of value-added services and its cash position also giving it leverage in the competitive environment. These enable the company to build loyalty which would result in the stability of market share. A weakness in the outsourced initiative obtains from the lack of patented technologies with the possibility of farms forgoing venture agreements and depriving the company of its revenue. The company seeks to provide quality and timely service, as well as having employees based on the farm facilities for follow-through to counter this. Decisions Qualitative objectives in the competitive position such as product quality, customer service and competitive position are the strategic means through which the growth can be realized (Cornelissen and Clarke, 2010). These are the main focus areas in the strategic shift and growth drive which encompasses: expansion of conversion facilities owned and operated; successful marketing and growth of various solutions; expansion of the outsourcing lines; and, increasing quality and productivity. A primary concern was the ability of the company to continue to price its services at affordable rates given the turbulent economic environment in times of recession and instability. Since competition in the industry was likely to focus on product development and pricing, it was deemed prudent to pursue strategies that would out-compete their strategies including diversification strategies, offering novel and specialized services, and the initiation of an international drive to enhance sales. Initial success was based on the sustenance of good relations with farmers and distributors. At this stage (2007), the company operated a single conversion facility with capacity for nationwide distribution. Within the year, the company management sought to streamline operations and develop plans for ventures to the rest of Europe and the international market, mapping distribution programmes and logistics. Plans were also developed for diversification into outsourcing services and marketing to solidify differentiation. In the diversification strategy decision, the company developed an agricultural waste management service to manage biodegradable animal and biological waste as an outsourced service provider. At the beginning of 2008, the company invested in an initial pilot project at a farm owned by a cooperative. In the desire to trade-off costs and productivity, management aimed to minimize the high wage costs, enabled by outsourced facilities. This was also intended to serve for marketing, reaching out to farmer cooperatives and groups whose uptake of the company’s products was low due to variant loyalties. The success of the strategy was impressive and growth was exponential with high demand. Earnings from the pilot rose from an initial 42 million pounds from the single outsource facility in 2008 to 4.9 billion from a hundred facilities in 2011. The remediation of toxic soils and water by the company for clients did not, however, receive similar impressive success and notable demand. With this success of the pilot and the necessity for the international drive, management, in the last quarter of 2008, deemed it necessary to acquire a loan of 200 million pounds to further enhance research and development capabilities, as well as to finance a global marketing campaign, establishing distribution channels and contracting external firms with required capabilities. Early 2009, the company ventured out seeking commercial farms, farmer unions and cooperatives to replicate the success of the pilot facility. This was not a major challenge backed by the evident success of the pilot and the widespread need of solutions for waste management and enhancement of productivity. By the end of 2010, the company’s venture into the international market had achieved success gaining entry and presence in 3 regions of the globe including North and Latin America, and Africa with the development of regional sales offices. Sales were very impressive despite missing projections by small margins, with over 100 per cent growth in 2009 and 2010 and a total of 2.3 billion in 2011 (see appendix C). With these achievements, management in 2011 and 2012 decided to institute measures to consolidate these gains and improve on the various ventures and services. The uptake of the outsourcing service line was quite impressive with a total of 134 miniature facilities in 120 farms by the end of the second quarter of 2012. In monitoring the results of the new strategic direction, management constantly monitored performance and took deliberate actions to boost competitiveness, adding value to performance indices. Remaining with the initial strategic direction The strategic direction taken was not radically different from the initial strategic direction and received little resistance overall as it, in many ways, matched initial objectives. This choice of strategy intended to build up on the successes of earlier decisions, tapping into inherent potential and enhancing the sustainability of the company’s operations into the future. There was need in light of goings on in the competitive global business environment and the bioremediation and organic waste management industry. The strategic shift enabled the realization of company’s exponential growth in size and earnings and the diversification into longer-term competitiveness in outsourced services and international presence. The final results These decisions targeted at achieving strategic and financial objectives enabled the company to deliver consistently impressive bottom line results pitted against rivals in the bioremediation and organic waste management industry. These strategic decisions, as part of the long-term corporate direction, also enhanced shareholder value and enabled the company to adapt to competitive conditions in the rapidly growing and changing industry. Despite the take-off failure of the toxic water and soil remediation service, the other components of the strategic shift were hugely successful. My performance in developing and implementing this strategic shift was quite impressive given the smooth transition and acceptance by the team, as well as the success this strategic shift brought for the overall company and industry. I avoided resistance by developing strategy proposals in line with the initial strategic direction and avoided radically different paths. The engagement of several teams of management in the implementation of the various tasks was also beneficial in acquiring acceptance and enhancing overall efficiency. Underlying strategic principles The success of a crafted and executed strategy is its consistent delivery of good bottom-line results pitted against rival company strategies. They enable the charting of a long-term corporate direction towards realization of strategic and financial objectives (Amabile, et al., 1996). Key learning points about strategy A key lesson learnt is that there is no singular miraculous combination of decisions that management discover to realise their objectives and goals in the competitive business environment. Decisions require widespread consensus and must be consistent and compatible to ensure success (Cornelissen and Clarke, 2010). The strength of interplay of strategies when better than those of the competition ensures that the venture achieves success pitted against its rivals in the competitive environment. These results are to a large extent dependent on the analysis, planning and decision-making process of management and the capacity to follow through them (Cornelissen and Clarke, 2010). The development of best strategies is heavily dependent upon knowledge and grasp of the system and the business environment, as well as creativity and initiative. Conclusion To achieve sustainable growth and the enhancement of its performance ratios, Eco-resource sought to strengthen the success of its initial strategic direction, as well as chart out a new direction aligned to the former. In this new direction, the company was successful in maintaining process costs through the streamlining of operations, and increasing product sales and revenues through enhanced marketing and differentiation programmes. The company successfully diversified its operations to include specialized outsourced services achieving projected outcomes. Into the New Year, there is need to consolidate these ventures and strategies, aligning the various components and enhancing growth in international markets, with ventures into the remaining regions. Despite surging popularity and entry of more players, continued growth in demand fortified by effective marketing, and output of new technologies and ways to employ them will enable the success and sustenance of the venture in the long term. References Amabile, T., R., Conti, H., Coon, J., Lazenby, and M., Herron, 1996. â€Å"Assessing the work environment for creativity.† In: The Academy of Management Journal, 39(5), 1154-1184. Cornelissen, J., J., Clarke, 2010. â€Å"Imagining and Rationalizing Opportunities: Inductive Reasoning, and the Creation and Justification of New Ventures.† In: Academy of Management Review, 35(4): 539-557. Kimbrell, A., (ed.), 2002. Fatal Harvest: The Tragedy of Industrial Agriculture. Washington DC: Island Press. S. Government Bureau of Statistics: Fertilizer Manufacturing – NAICS Code – 325314; Chemical Manufacturing – NAICS Code – 325; Chemical Consulting – NAICS Code – 541690. How to cite Business Simulation Game, Essay examples

Solar Energy Essays (1378 words) - Renewable Energy,

Solar Energy Ever since the dawn of time, the sun has been a resource we cannot live or do without, so its not such a shock that man has come up with the idea of solar energy. Solar energy had many uses. Some can be dangerous and some, a very valuable asset to the modern world. Solar energy is energy derived from the sun in a form of ultra-violet rays. Its was first applied to use in 212 B.C., by the Greek genius Archimedes. Solar energy was used to defend the habor of Syracuse against the Roman fleet. Archimedes used a mirror or "burning mirror" as they had called it, to set fire to the ships of the Roman fleets while standing on shore (McDaniels 83). It wasn't until 1615 when Salomon de Caux constructed the first solar device; a solar engine. His device was made of glass lenses, supporting frame, and an airtight metal vessel containing water and air. This produced a small water fountain when the air heated up during operation. This was considered to be more of a toy than a device, but it was the first published account of the use of solar energy since the fall of the Roman Empire (Cheremisinoff 1). Some other use of solar energy after that was the solar roof and the solar oven. The solar roof was thought up by Harold Hay. In a solar roof system, water is contained in a clear plastic bag and it is placed on a black metal roof. Hay got the idea while traveling in India on a technical aid mission for the U.S government. While there, he noticed that many people were living in rusty, sheet metal shacks, which were hot in the day and cold at night. Hay's plan was to remove the insulation from the roof on winter days so that the roof would get hot, and Replacing the insulation at night to allow the shack to be warm through the night. Then in the summer, he would so the reverse of what he did in winter to let the house cool at night and replacing the insulation in the daytime to block out the heat. Then over the years, Hay and a man named John Yellott constructed a 3- by 3.7-m building using water basins as the actual roofing material. During the summer, a slab of foam insulation was rolled back at night, and the water would become cold through the night sky evaporation. Since the water supply sat directly on a metal ceiling, it absorbed the heat from the room and kept the building air-conditioned all day. During the winter, the movable insulation was rolled back in the daytime which allowed for it to collect heat. This generated enough heat into the house through the ceiling at night to keep the room comfortable (McDaniels 179-181). Then there was the solar cooker. Developed by Augustin Mouchot in France and by John Ericsson in the United States in the nineteenth century. They wanted to develop a solar cooker that not only reached high temperatures, but also was to be used as a means of heat storage enabling food to be cooked after sundown. Mouchot built a solar steam engine that operated a printing press in Paris in 1882. In the United States, John Ericsson invented what he called the "Ericsson-cycle" which was a hot-air engine for the making of solar heat. The sun's rays would be concentrated with the use of a parabolic reflector, which was designed to track the sun across the sky in order to keep a constant power output. (McPhillips 86-89) There was also the solar oven. In 1837, and astronomer from England named John Fredrick Herschel introduced to the world a solar oven. He built a small solar oven while on a trip to Africa's Cape of Good Hope. He constructed it as a mahogany, painted it black and buried it in the sand for purposes of insulation. a doubled-glazed cover, which was the only portion of the oven left exposed, serve to limit heat losses through the top, while at the same time, letting in sunlight. The maximum temperature of the oven was of about 240 degree F and it was used throughout his expedition by him and his staff to cook both meat and vegetables (Regino 5). Not all solar energy inventions and discoveries were good. Some solar energy is dangerous. One for example would be lasers. Laser, an electromagnetic wave that is made up of excited atoms. It

Features of Private Payer Consumer Driven Health Plans Essays

Features of Private Payer Consumer Driven Health Plans Essays Features of Private Payer Consumer Driven Health Plans Essay Features of Private Payer Consumer Driven Health Plans Essay Individual Features of Private Payer and Consumer-Driven Health Plans Individual Features of Private Payer and Consumer-Driven Health Plans Looking for medical health plans can be demanding on time, but it is worth the time to look over all the options offered. There are many features to go through from Private Payer Plans, such as Preferred Provider Organizations (PPOs), Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs), Group HMOs, Independent Practice Association (IPA), Point of Service (POS), Indemnity Plans, and Consumer-Driven Health Plans (CDHP) such as, Health Reimbursement Plans, and Flexible Savings Accounts, (Bayes, 2008). Bayes (2008) stated â€Å"PPOs are used by hospitals, physicians, clinics, and pharmacies that help provide care for their insured consumers. † The plan covers â€Å"discounts for fee-for services to the physicians to help with their fee schedules. † Patients or consumers are responsible for â€Å"annual premiums, deductibles† that generate from â€Å"low with high premiums or high with low premiums,† copayments, coinsurance which is a charge for in-net-work providers, services used for out-of-network will cause a higher deductable (p. 292, 293). Bayes (2008) stated that â€Å"HMOs are all licensed by the state†. Plan is strict on guidelines, has few choices of providers. The participating providers are salaried based. Coverage for consumers are given an â€Å"assigned Primary Care Physician (PCP)†, must use network providers to be covered, unless emergencies. Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan, (2011) states their â€Å"plan includes monthly rates, copayments, deductible, annual maximums, prescriptions, dental, and must be in network PCP† (Para. 4). Bayes (2008) stated that HMO programs included in plan are â€Å"complete preventative or screening, wellness and health promotion, disease management, and chronic care† (p. 293). : Bayes (2008) stated that â€Å"Group HMOs are contracts with more than one physician group† mainly these are facilities owned by HMO and they can treat nonmembers. HMOs are run under a contract that uses â€Å"paid per member per month (PMPM)† with agreements that capitates the rate, or sub-capitates â€Å"episodes of care (EOC) option† (p. 294, 295). Independent Practice Association (IPA) that is separately owned and formed by physicians. It is a form of an HMO the association provides care by contracting together. IPA receives negotiated fees from the HMO for medical services. IPA capitates a rate to pay its physicians, or they may se a fee for payments. Bayes (2008) stated that â€Å"Point-of-Service (POS) Plan is like a hybrid of HMO and PPO networks. † Offers two networks a primary and a secondary, which the members can choose from. Just like a HMO is considered primary and offers specialty care for non-network physicians. Just like a PPO the secondar y network has annual premiums, copayments, possible tiered plan payments. Indemnity Plans are non-PPO, and non-HMO. This plan has high deductibles, premiums, coinsurance payments that are required. This plans payment method is a fee-for-service for its participation providers. These plans generally have high deductibles, but many offer managed care features; to try to cut costs they use contracts for employers (Bayes, 2008). The CDHPs have two components combined, a funding option and the high-deductable health plan. The plan has one or more tax savings accounts, after deductable is met then there is a discounted fee-for-service, patient pays up to deductable, â€Å"savings account pays for out-of-pocket or non-covered expenses† stated by Bayes (2008). CDHPs offer funding options of, flexible savings accounts, Health reimbursement accounts, and Health savings accounts (p. 296). Health Reimbursement Arrangements (HRAs) is employer paid, but other health plans can be offered with it. The U. S. Department of Treasury (2011) stated â€Å"plans cannot be used for deferrals under a cafeteria plan. † Employee receives payment from employer after expenses incurred after date of enrollment. Employer â€Å"sets the limits for rollovers, tax-deductable deposits, under employers rules portability is allowed, tax-free with drawls for qualified expenses. † Flexible Savings Plans are plans that the employees pay premiums and funds get set aside for other medical expenses that generally are not covered by the health plan. This plan allows for dependent care to be covered, employees and employer make contributions to the plan, but unused funds go back to the employer, there is no portability, tax-free with drawls for qualified expenses, and deposits are all tax-advantaged (Bayes, 2008). There are many more options that are not listed, for more information on individual features of Private Payers and Consumer-Driven Health Plans there are many local insurance companies’ websites that offer this information, such as Blue Cross Blue Shield, Aetna, Prudential, Cigna, AARP and many others. When looking for health insurance it is important to know all the benefits of the plan before choosing one. References Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan,  (2011)  Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan  retrieved from bcbsm. com/myblue/hmo-smart-select. shtml U. S. Department of The Treasury. (2011). U. S. Department of The Treasury. Retrieved from irs. gov/pub/irs-pdf/p969. pdf Valerius, J. Bayes, N. Newby, C. , Seggern, J (2008) Medical insurance: An integrated claims process approach (3rd ed. ). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill.

Write How You Write, Not How You Speak

Write How You Write, Not How You Speak Write How You Write, Not How You Speak Write How You Write, Not How You Speak By Mark Nichol Recently, I wrote about word patronage, the often-unnecessary inclusion of self-referential expressions as â€Å"as you will† and â€Å"so to speak† in one’s writing. This post expands on that one to recommend that you inspect your writing for anything that smacks of spoken English. If you’ve ever seen a transcript of an extended discourse a written record of someone’s comments, rather than the prepared script for a speech you’ll understand how widely spoken and written English can diverge. Spontaneous speech, at least, is riddled with qualifications and equivocations. It’s easy enough to dispose of â€Å"um†s and â€Å"uh†s, â€Å"well†s and â€Å"you know†s when converting a transcript to an essay, but writers should purge their prose of other utterances, words, and phrases as well that add a lot to a word count but little to a description or an argument. (See this post, for instance, for a list of adjectival intensifiers and their adverbial forms to avoid.) In addition, omit hedging phrases such as â€Å"as I see it,† â€Å"from my point of view,† â€Å"in my opinion,† and â€Å"it seems to me.† Search and destroy such pompous filler as â€Å"be that as it may† or â€Å"other things being equal.† These are all understandable (though not necessarily forgivable) indulgences in spoken English, whether impromptu or rehearsed at best, they’re nearly meaningless phrases one tosses off while thinking of what to say next, and at worst, they clutter a speech, distracting and discouraging listeners. But readers expect your prose to be direct and dynamic, and there’s no place for such self-gratification in written form. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Good At, Good In, and Good WithLatin Plural EndingsOppose and Opposed To

Contemporary Business Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Contemporary Business - Term Paper Example Business ethics concept has been used by many academic scholars to distinguish between successful and unsuccessful organizations. Academic scholars believe that business ethics can not only ensure organizational but fillip sustainable business growth also. Rationale behind Selecting Business Ethics as Contemporary Management Topic The study has selected business ethics in order to continue further analysis. Business ethics has emerged as an important management issue for companies in recent time. The study has selected business ethics in order to understand following learning outcomes: Many companies (read Nortel, Enron, Layman Brothers and others) have suffered the ill effect of poor business ethics in last two decades hence discussing contemporary issues related to business ethics can help the authour to gain knowledge about organizational sustainability. Business helps the organization to build sustainable representation in front of their stakeholders. Unethical business practice creates negative impact in the mind of both shareholders and stakeholders. In many cases it has been observed that government of a particular country takes legal action against organizations practicising unethical activities such as bankruptcy, fraud, misrepresentation of financial asset or fraud. Legal action against unethical organizations not only purturbs sustainability of them but negatively impacts shareholder’s interest. Studying business ethics will help author to understand importance of organizational sustainability in terms of financial perspective. Many companies of USA have understood importance of business ethis hence they have created ethical assistance lines for stakeholders to report ethical concern about business practice to them. Following diagram will show increase of concern related business ethics in recent times. (Source: Ferrell, Fraedrich, and Ferrell 222) Business Ethics There is a vast gap between ethics and self interest in the business practice. M any business executives emphasizes on self interest in order to fulfil personal prosperity instead of doing business for betterment of society. Objective of Business Ethics In 2003, Hooker has pointed out that main objective of business ethics is to create a guideline for companies to compete and sustain in the market without getting involved in financial fraud or any kind of deception. Importance of Business Ethics in Business Environment Reseach scholars have defined business ethics in multidimensional manner in order to cover broad spectrum of the topic. Hooker and other reaseach scholars have pointed out following guidelines for business ethics. Companies need to design a fair and transparent fair incentive and remuneration system for top level management executives in order to draw a clear picture of the company in front of share holders. Companies need to emphasize on maintaining interst of shareholders because they are the key drivers to maintain sustainibility of any organiz ation. Companies should implement transparent inter level business practices in order to refrain employees to commit fainancial fraud and perform in accordance with industry standards. Leading companies should not manipulate industry standards in order to create entry barrier for small firms. Companies should not involve in price discrimination because price discrimination not only perturbs industry equilibrium (read oligopolistic

Equality Act 2010 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Equality Act 2010 - Essay Example In essence, therefore, the Act stipulates that an employer should not do things that would pose terse consequences on an employee, a job applicant, or previous employee or other persons who have protected characteristics than on individuals who do not possess that characteristic. On the other hand, the employer can demonstrate that the act or treatment is objectively necessary in which case the same qualifies as indirect discrimination as per the Act. In this case, an employer need not treat an employee, a disabled applicant, or a former employee unfavorably due to something associated with their disability where such treatment cannot be objectively justified. This treatment includes making decisions, the application of rules or the manner of doing things. Nevertheless, this only applies in circumstances where the employer knew or ought to have reasonably known that the individual is a disabled person and thereto referred as discrimination arising from disability. Additionally an emp loyer should not treat an applicant, an employee, or a former employee worse because of association with an individual with characteristics considered protected. ... These provisions on perception, association, and victimization apply to anyone, irrespective of whether they possess protected characteristics. The act forbids an employer from harassing an applicant, an employee, or a former employee. In addition, and in ensuring that a disabled individual has equal access, in as far as, it is realistic, to anything that involves doing work as a non-disabled individual; an employer should make reasonable modifications (Barry 2010). In a situation where an employer evaluates a disabled individual’s application for fitness for work, the employer must take into account any reasonable changes necessary to facilitate the job. If, after making reasonable adjustments, the disabled individual is not the best applicant for the work; an employer should not employ the individual work. However, where such an individual would be the best applicant with reasonable changes in place, then an employer must employ the individual. The consideration for reasonab le changes also applies where an employee becomes disabled while employed or where their needs change or even, where they change to another role. Exceptions for discrimination Occasionally there are instances where the law on equality applies in a different way and this implies exceptions to these rules, these exceptions relate to all employers or those, which only apply to particular employers. Additionally the law on equality permits an employer to accord better treatment of disabled people than to non-disabled individuals and to use positive action. Age The Act provides that age is unlike other protected features and where an employer can demonstrate the treatment to be objectively justified,

Marketing Plan For Samsung Vacuum Cleaner

Marketing Plan For Samsung Vacuum Cleaner Samsung Group has been recognized as one of the largest Asian companies in the world.  With products that are always innovative and commitment to customers, Samsung is always able to satisfy customer needs. Thus, with this marketing plan, Samsung tried to continue to innovate with new products Vacuum cleaners with a way to add new features and functions in the vacuum cleaner that will satisfy customers. The marketing plan starts with introduction, stating the aim of this business report, which is the promotion strategy for Samsung Vacuum Cleaner. A brief outline of the Samsung is discussed along with some theory definition and explanation. The content on this report will be; Analysis of current situation has been done to avoid competitors over lap Samsung. Understanding of current target market is to help analyse customer wants and needs to grab bigger market share. SWOT analysis is the detail of internal and external which could be used to increase opportunity. Three methods of promotion that Samsung use in order to reach their target market. How corrective action is taken will be describe in the marketing plan, under marketing mix which contain 4P. Measurement the success of the marketing plan, various step, standard, and limits will be determined to monitor the performance, How this marketing plan will increase revenue shown in financial part. There are four methods that Samsung do to control and evaluate products that will be released in the market. ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS Samsung before was a small export business in Taegu, Korea, founded by Lee Byung Chull in 1938 (Samsung 2010). Today Samsung Company has grown up to become one of the worlds leading electronic companies, basically manufacturing electronic devices, such as TVs, Refrigerators, Air Conditioners, Washers, Vacuum Cleaners and etc (Samsung 2010). By innovate and improve top quality of products and services, as followed their mission of making life better for consumers around the world, Samsung has grew their revenue and market share by achieving the No. 1 global market share for their 13 products, including semiconductors, TFT-LCDs, Monitors and CDMA mobile phones (Samsung 2010). Looking forward, to make historic advancement in research and development, as well as producing best-in class LCDs LEDs, mobile phones, digital appliances, Vacuum Cleaners, and more (Samsung 2010). 2.1 Target Market First of all Target market is specific group of people on an organization to satisfy the needs of group members or focuses its marketing efforts (Pride et al. 2006, p. 124). Samsung are targeting at three different social class segments which are lower level, middle level, and upper level. Therefore, Samsung aims at differentiated marketing with different types of designed to satisfy the target market (Schieffer 2005, p. 72). There are three categories of Samsung for target market. First is lower level. The setting of this vacuum cleaner are powerful, lightweight cleaning with flexible control the 360-degree connection swivels which make easier for consumer to maneuver for quick cleaning all around. This lightweight cleaner is best for tackling bare floors and carpets (Mother Earth News June / July 2006). It has powerful with double motor, multi-surface and cleaning capabilities with the switch of button, automatic cord rewind and comes with tools-on-board. Secondly, is middle level in here the vacuum cleaner is more lightweight, ultra quiet, low-noise floor nozzle, so it will make protection for humans ear (Consumer Reports October 2005), which resulting an enjoy clean air and more frequently captures dust and airborne allergens (Consumer Reports March 2006). And finally of course for higher level, it has all the features for lower and middle level vacuum cleaner, and it also has more advantages like micro seal fresh air technology. This improvement makes the consumer enjoy clean air and clean less frequently that captures over 99.97% of dust and airborne allergens and small particles (USA Today Magazine January 2007). The more specific of strategies and product will be discussed in more details in the consequent pages under marketing implementations. 2.2 SWOT Analysis To monitor the internal and external marketing environment and also to set a new and better marketing strategy, a SWOT analysis must be accomplished first and That the overall evaluation of a companys Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats is called SWOT analysis (Kotler Keller 2009, p. 89). Samsung Company must have a clear understanding of their SWOT analysis in order to develop their new products at the same time increase their profit on annual sales. (Source: Business Teacher 2010) Strengths People A company is its people. At Samsung, were dedicated to giving our people a wealth of opportunities to reach their full potential (Samsung 2010). Loyal Customers By having close customer relationship, the Samsung Company have the possibility to always produce and innovate their product to overcome the customer needs and wants. Excellence Products and Services Samsung Company is motivated by an unyielding passion for excellence-and has an unfaltering commitment to develop the best products and services on the market (Samsung 2010). Best Marketing Experience Nowadays In fast-paced global economy, change or revolution is constant as well as for innovation is critical to a companys survival. As Samsung Company has done for 70 years, they set their sights on the future, anticipating market needs and demands so it can steer our company toward long-term success (Samsung 2010). Integrity Operating in an ethical way is the foundation of our business. Everything we do is guided by a moral compass that ensures fairness, respect for all stakeholders and complete transparency (Samsung 2010). Co-prosperity To become successful a business must also create prosperity and opportunity for others. Therefore Samsung Company is committed to presence a socially and environmentally responsible corporate citizen in every community where we operate around the globe (Samsung 2010). Pricing Samsung products are relatively competitive in the market, so it can compete within all type of customers. Technology With an excellent research and development capabilities, they spend a high percentage of revenue on RD. It resulted in global leadership in the television segment, and in improving its position from the third to second player in mobile phones with their innovative products. Weaknesses Product Perception The customers perception of weak product attributes like Durability. Price Perception The customers perception about the worthiness the price of product on each person that difficult to cover. Standard Model Not pro-active coming out with unique and leading model. Huge Investment on RD 2007 (Mill won) 2006 (Mill won) Sales 98,507,817 85,834,604 Research expenses 2,353,844 2,252,848 Ordinary development expenses 3,720,115 3,461, 914 Total RD 6,073, 959 5,714,762 RD/Sales 6.17 % 6.66% (Source: Samsung Annual Report 2007) Opportunities Electronic Market By Increasing on electronic market, Samsung have the opportunity to take it down. Increasing Demand There is strong customer demand for innovative products value-added features. Increase % of Younger Population High % of Younger population, which can be expand a new market now and in the future. (Source: Population Reference Bureau 2009) Threats Increasing Competition In the third quarter 2008, the market share of LCDs TV Samsung Gain 20.2%, which has been decrease by 2.8% compare to the previous year, therefore it shows the increment of the competition (Samsung annual report 2008). Economic Slowdown The economic slowdown makes demand for electronic product weakens. MARKETING OBJECTIVES The marketing objectives are listed for management approval based on the approach in improving the sales growth. Launch of new vacuum cleaner To launch a new vacuum cleaner that can help to maintain healthiness at home. Marketing Strategies for Existing and New Products To outline a series of marketing strategies aimed at improving the sales. Increase Sales Volume To increase sales volume of vacuum cleaner by three promotions method. The first thing company must do to achieve the objective in above, is to know who is their target market. In the process of targeting their target market, the Samsung Company can use some of target strategies that involve market segmentation, market targeting strategy. Firstly, Market segmentation is an activity of research commons on issues such as characteristics market definition, the unit of analysis, type of consumer behavior to be explained, appropriateness of basis variables, and the relation of all of these considerations (Kotler 2002, p. 279; Pride et al. 2006, p. 115). Market targeting, otherwise, refers to the evaluations activity of identifying each market segment based on their attractiveness and to choose one or more segments to enter (Bradley 2002, p. 47). In the other hand market positioning is a formulating to set competitive position of the product and creating for market detail to achieving a certain position in the target consumers minds (Kotler Armstrong 1999, p. 196). Lastly, pricing strategy deals with response of customer, setting profitable, and also think of competitors (Bradley 2002, p. 222). The first strategy in target market selection process is market segmentation. A market segment consists of individuals, groups or organizations with some common characteristics who respond in a similar way to given set of marketing approach (Kotler 2002, p. 279; Pride et al. 2006, p. 115). There are 4 general bases for segmenting consumer markets which are demographic, geographic, psychographic and behavioral variables (Kotler Armstrong 1999, p. 202). Samsung focuses in Demographic and Behavioral variables. Based on Kotler (2002, p.279), they segment market consists of a group of customers who share a similar set of wants. Demographic segmentation defines market into groups according to demographic variables which include age, gender, income, occupation, education, family size, family life cycle, ethnicity, religion and social class (Pride et al. 2006, p. 115) where Samsung focuses on the gender, income, and social class. Under gender, Samsung uses by female especially maid and also housewife. For the income, Samsung is flexible because it offers from lowest price until the highest price so customers can make decisions easier. On the other hand, behavioral segmentation refers to dividing buyers into the group based on consumer knowledge, behaviors, uses or responses to a product (Kotler 2002, p. 245). Samsung segments the market based on price sensitivity where the consumption of products and services for consumers depends upon consumption value which is best reflected upon quality of products and services (Pride et al. 2006, p. 115). However the most important is focus on quality of products. Then for the three promotions method that Samsung will take on to increase their sales volume of new vacuum cleaner will be explain in the following pages. MARKETING RECOMMENDATIONS The target market for Samsung Vacuum Cleaner are the three different social class family segments which are lower, middle and upper level and also citizens who have home priority and aware for healthy lifestyle. Therefore, Samsung has designed differentiated promotion strategies to satisfy their different target markets (Schieffer 2005, p. 72). Promotion is communication to build awareness, message comprehension and interest to influence the people to make positive thinking and accept the product (Hollensen 2005, p. 258). And in here the company also must understand other important factors, such as centralizing on how to learn many different customers and focusing on a proper approach (Taylor Stankovich 2007). In the process of promotion strategy, Samsung can uses three main promotions method with the first one is advertising campaign. It is a description about any paid form of non-personal creative presentations of ideas, goods, or services and it is transmitted to target audiences (Pride et al. 2006, p. 403). Then, the second method is public relations. This is a method that uses communications efforts to make good relationship between the company and their consumer (Pride et al. 2006, p. 414). And finally, the last promotion method is sales promotion which refers to marketing communication activities in the direction of motivating the consumer purchase and develops the retailer effectiveness (Hollensen 2005, p. 266). 4.1 Advertising campaign Advertising campaign is the first promotion technique that can be chosen by Samsung Vacuum Cleaner to promote its products. Advertising is one of the most patent tools to create awareness of a company, product, service or idea by mass media (Kotler 1999). To develop the campaign, there are generally eight steps which can be used as a guideline and it is shown in diagram below. (Source: Pride et al. 2006, p. 404) 1. Identify and analyse target audience 2. Define advertising objective 3. Create advertising platform 4. Determine advertising budget 5. Develop media plan 6. Create advertising message 7. Execute campaign 8. Evaluate advertising effectiveness Figure (1) Promotion Strategy for Samsung Vacuum Cleaner Identify and analyze target audience From the diagram, it shows that the first step of Samsung Vacuum Cleaners advertising campaign is identifying and analyzing the target audience (Pride et al. 2006). This includes the three different characteristics of social family classes in Singapore, which are lower level, middle level, and upper level. Defining the Advertising Objectives Then the steps continue by defining the objectives of Samsungs advertisement, which are increasing the sales, creating awareness and also expanding consumers knowledge about the product. Creating the Advertising Platform The advertising platform of Samsung Vacuum Cleaner consists of important topics for customer in selecting the product provided (Pride et al. 2006). Determining Advertising Appropriation Samsung Vacuum Cleaner manages the advertising budget by applying up to bottom approach. This done by estimating the cost of performing the advertisement and setting the promotions budget according to the estimates (Pride et al. 2006, p. 406). The reason why Samsung choosing this method is because the brand is well known in the public, therefore the management has no doubt in allocating the budget. Developing the Media Plan After determining the budget, the marketer start developing media plan for the ad. In the case of Samsung Vacuum Cleaner, it will choose television, newspaper and magazine. The medium that enables marketer to reach the largest number of people at any one time is television; therefore Samsung will put its advertisement in weekdays morning and evening session which is the prime time in television, and Saturday and Sunday morning which is the family session (Falk 2003, p. 287). Then for magazine, Samsung will more concern in womens and technologies magazine. And for newspaper, Samsung will place its ad in weekly celebrity tabloid which focusing on housewife. Creating the Advertising Message The company must careful when entering this step, because in here, Samsung starts to convince the buyer that it has something valuable to offer (Bayan 2006). To achieve this, Samsung start the ad by a headline Introducing a Vacuum Cleaner of the Future and Built For Efficiency!, these tag-lines not just capable to inform the buyer about a new vacuum cleaner in the market which gives many efficiency benefits to the customer, but it also help increasing future sales (Garfield 2005). Some of Samsung benefits such as lightweight, ultra quiet vacuum cleaner, Samsungs filtration system and other uniqueness will be stated in the advertisement (Maynard 1995). Besides that, there also some pictures of Samsungs products together with a creative design look. This will give sounds that the promo gives a greater savings to the item (Brandweek 2007). Executing the Campaign After setting the entire ad, the marketer will start to coordinate and execute the effective campaign. Evaluating Advertising Effectiveness However, the management also remembers to evaluate the plan to keep an eye on what is happening on the market. The marketer does not want to get critics saying that the ad is not true, and not achieving what you really see is what you should get statement (Janoff 2004). This can be prevented by pre-test and post-test. The pre-test can identify errors that can result in breakdown of ads communication before the implementation. Then the post-test is evaluating the feedback which is the target audiences attitudes towards the ad (Waller 1998, p. 72). 4.2 Public Relations The second methods that will be used for Samsung Vacuum Cleaner is public relations. Public relation is created to make, keep or shared understanding between the company and their customers (Kitchen 1993). Because creating and keeping the relationships with customers is one of the key to make the product become famous. Before a company releases a product, they have to know the customers needs and wants (Pride et al. 2006). They also have to know which component of public relations that is useful for their product. There are reasons why Samsung vacuum cleaner selects this promotional strategy, which are to help the company to have good relationship with the public, then to keep positive image of this company and finally showing to the public about the companys goals and objectives (Lamb et al. 2002). An increase in awareness also can be the effect of the Samsung Vacuum Cleaners public relations campaign (Jeff 2003). According to Kotler and Keller, there are many kinds of public relation tools, which are identity media, public activities, press conference, speeches, events, and publications. For Samsung, the company has chosen two tools, which are press conference and identity media. 4.3 Press Conference The first thing to show the product in the public is press conference. In here, the Samsung Company will call the entire reporters from different mass Medias and give an explanation or describe generally about the efficiency about the product. Hence the reporter will write about it. 4.4 Identity Media The other public relation which is used In Samsung Company is identity media. In here, Samsung uses brochures to create awareness and incentive to buy the vacuum cleaner. In brochures, it will be written about description of the product in general like the specification of the product. Besides that, it also will be written information about healthy environment. The leaflets will be distribute in the crowded park, supermarket, mall, mini-market, road and others place in Malaysia which are possible for the customer to see and get it. 4.5 Sales Promotion The final method that Samsung Vacuum Cleaner uses to promote its product is Sales Promotion. This is the ways to urge the consumer to shop at a particular store or to try specific product (Pride et al. 2007). In Samsung Company, they use coupons system, demonstrations, and consumer sweepstakes. Coupons In order to promote the Samsung vacuum cleaner, the company uses coupon as one of sales promotion method. There are some places that the coupon can be placed. For example: Newspaper about celebritys gossip. Woman magazine, like Women Weekly and Glamour. Samsung Vacuum Cleaners coupon does not have a specific size for different media. The important thing is the coupon is readable. There is a coupon which is distributed by Samsung. The coupon is discount of the product. By entering the promotional code (via internet) or bringing the coupon to the nearest counter, the customer will get a discount or depend on how much money off that is written in the coupon. Demonstrations Another method of sales promotion that Samsung uses is demonstrations. The demonstration will be like some of presentations how to use the vacuum cleaner maximally and effectively to satisfy the user needs and wants. The demonstration will be placed or performed in mall and housing Resident Park. This is because the places usually have many housewife or family that sightseeing in that place. This means that it will be performed where there are possibilities to attract more customers. Consumer Sweepstakes Consumer sweepstakes is the last method that Samsung Vacuum Cleaner uses to attract more consumers. The name of this lucky draw is Say YES to Samsung sweepstake. In here, the customers who buy the new of Samsung Vacuum Cleaner will get a change to enter the sweepstake. The customers will write his or her identity in a form which is provided by every branch of the company. For customers who buy via internet, they also will get opportunity to give their details in the internet. Therefore the consumers can become a contestant of Say YES to Samsung sweepstake. The prize for runner up of this lucky draw is three winners will get each a brand new Samsungs 42-inch LED 3D TV. And for the first winner, the customers will have a change to go to 2 day 3 nights trip to Shanghai, China for two persons. MARKETING IMPLEMENTATIONS We decide to treat all the capitals of developing countries as the same market, as demographically they have many similarities among ladies. We are targeting to housewives to fulfill their needs with our innovated products. 5.1 Product We have proposed new reproduction of Samsung vacuum cleaner. In reproduction, we will add few extra functions and features in our new products. Apart from it, we will change the designs and colors according to the age groups of our main audience: housewives those who are between the ages of 23 to 60. As for the additional, we will make it available to clean the everywhere of home with the gas pipe and steel pipe. For example, in the bathroom, you can see that there are few yellow dirty places on the floor that we cannot take out and refine. Here our product come to solution of the problem, the customers only have to turn on the button, the gas pipe will automatically emit the gas to remove the dust and refine the places easily without needing to use the human effort. After refining with gas pipe, there will be little water because of using gas. The customers do not need to worry to clean it out again, just simply change the steel pipe, and turn on the button again. It will be automatically clean. It can be said that the product is the combination of few household things. In addition, we add the MP3 player in the product in order to give the happiness to our housewives while they are doing domestic chores. As we will add the music player, we will make the product to be in the silent mode while it is working. On the other hand, the size and weight will not be getting big and heavy because of the additional things. Theses all will be as same as the normal vacuum cleaner. Those are the differences between our vacuum cleaner and others. 5.2 Price We will price our range of products competitively as we want our target customers to know that we are there to give them an offering of our best products and services not necessarily expensive. We are sure that the customers will guess that our new product will be expensive because of the additional features. The price is possible to go higher than normal vacuum cleaner but we are trying our best to adjust the prices reasonable to our targeted customers as possible as we can. 5.3 Promotion and Advertising It is necessary to expand our market places and customer services in developing countries. For being able to do so, we will distribute and display our products in shopping malls and in our showroom. Even our product is not difficult to use; we are planning to provide the staff especially for explaining about the product such the usage, effectiveness and weaknesses. Apart from it, we will also provide the season-promotion, special days-promotion to our customers by giving discount, give the present for our existing and new customers, and have the lucky draw occasionally. We have drawn the plan to serve the delivery system which is if a retailer or customer wants to order our product through the internet or telephone or invoice, we are serving delivery system depending on the amount they order. For being able to control the current market and penetrate the new market across geographical area, our company focus on both online marketing and mass media in order to achieve in no time. 5.4 Place As we have mentioned in the above, the position to display the products will be exactly in the zone of shopping mall, famous household market, and our own showroom. We will try our best to reach companys provided services to reach the target audience. BUDGET Budget is a plan that outlines an organizations financial and operational goals. Moreover, budget may be thought of as an action plan; planning a budget helps a business allocate resources, evaluate performance, and formulate plans (Ward 2010). Based on Samsung Annual Report in 2007, Samsung spent a million of money to do research and development. However, the total of sales in 2007 was less than in 2006, it was only 6.17 %. It because the percentage of promotion that Samsung spent is very small compare with the other allocations budget. However, to increase sales volume in 2010, especially for new product in this case new vacuum cleaner, we propose the estimation budget plan for 2010. Financials Here is the breakdown of the budget planning Activity(Description) Budget (in %) Product research and development 8% HR development (recruitment) 2% Production staff training 4% Sales staff training 4% Administration 2% Campaigning 25% Advertising 25% Sales and Promotion cost 15% Market research 15% Total Budget 100% MARKET EVALUATION AND CONTROL 7.1 Sales Research We expect to raise the sales within 6 months after launching the product. In order to know the increase rate of sales, we will measure the amount of net profit we earn cross over the sales of shopping malls, showrooms and online. 7.2 Market Research We will find out the percentage of customers satisfactory on our product through their feedback on market place. According to the result of it, we will do the improvements in customer services and raise the consumer rate. 7.3 Product Research For the product research, we will try to know the acceptance of our products and ranking of popularity in the market. According to the ranking and acceptance, we will manufacture the products for the next launching. 7.4 Promotion Research For the promotion research, we will find out the information from the customer feedback which promotion they like most and the sales become higher during which promotion. Then the company can know which promotion is preferred by customers most. CONCLUSION We will build up the customer reliability on our products in able to achieve the higher profit and expand the market place by keeping the good quality products and convenience customer services. We will reach our goal by analyzing the customers behaviors, market place, and having business performance.